Showing posts with label index. Show all posts
Showing posts with label index. Show all posts

Saturday, 14 February 2026

A research article’s digital cul-de-sac. How to fix an academic paper that is hidden and/or unreachable

Onaolapo Written for researchers keen to understand potential obstacles to their articles not being readily searchable via academic indexes and search engines thanks to broken linkages, a metadata mismatch or non-submission. Updated- 21 Feb 2026.

Most researchers are keen for their works to be well-indexed, quick-to-find, and reliably linked to their academic publisher’s landing page from search engine results. This is especially true for scholars whose performance reviews include consideration of their works’ impact in reaching interested readers. Such impact scores can include citations, amplification and readership, as tracked via altmetrics and/or other sources.

This post provides an example to illustrate why a research author should not assume that every article of theirs will be properly indexed. As result, this work may not be seen by potentially interested parties searching for pertinent work with salient keywords, despite the work's merits. Metadata mismatches and broken linkages can unwittingly emerge during academic publishing, and may persist if not checked, flagged, and corrected. This post gives helpful advice for correcting a few key problems, sharing the practical example of errors that impacted a South African journal article's availability after its digital publication on the 1st of December, 2025:

'Brandjacked for social media advert fraud'- a ghost in the fog... 

The first publication from a research project that began in 2021, Brandjacked for social media advert fraud: Microcelebrities' experiences of digital crime, was published in the Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology journal. Ordinarily, new articles should only take a few weeks after being indexed by an an academic metadata aggregator such as CrossRef before they appear on their authors' academic profiles (CrossRef can update researchers' ORCID and Google Scholar records), followed by listings on academic social networks. These may be preceded by results in search engines and in Artificial Intelligence results (such as Grok). While search results for Brandjacked were quickly available from the last two, it could not be found under any of the former by February, 2026. This post explores such challenges, the root cause of the article not being be properly indexed for academic searches, plus work-arounds Brandjacked authors had to follow. While their paper technically existed, it could not efficiently be shared online by its four authors, and some listing results deafaulted to a 'page not found' error message, rather than the publisher's article landing page:

Multiple URLs as expected

A normal part of the academic publishing process sees several URLs being created for a particular publication. In Brandjacked's case, these are from the handle.net  domain (pointing to https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2) and journals.co.za's (onto https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2). Sabinet African Journals (journals.co.za) is a searchable platform providing a comprehensive, full-text collection for over 600 African-published electronic journals. Handle.net is developed by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) to support a distributed information system for persistent, unique, and actionable identifiers (handles) for digital objects over the internet.  The Handle System is the underlying technology used by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system for identifying content, particularly for digital publishing and commerce.

Brandjacked's DOI value changed post-publication

A DOI is a unique, permanent alphanumeric string that is assigned to digital objects. DOIs include a prefix always starting with 10 and a suffix, separated by a forward slash (/). Prefacing the DOI with doi.org creates an actionable link. Originally, the brandjacked article was allocated the DOI 10.10520/ejc-crim_v2025_nse1_a2. However, this was subsequently changed to 10.10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2, reflecting the article’s publication as the second in the 38th volume’s third issue. Commonly linked to journal articles, books, and research datasets, each DOI should provide a stable, long-lasting link to a research output’s internet location, regardless of whether its online address [or Uniform Research Location (URL)] gets changed.

Social media shares…

On social media, academics, researchers and scholars typically share the DOI version of URLs, since a DOI's usage is the primary identifier for tracking comments and mentions via altmetrics. Attention for academic publications is typically sparse, with most not being shared via social media, and a significant portion only being shared once via popular platforms. Only a few papers, often with high public interest or "quirky" topics, receive the vast majority of shares. To help Brandjacked's visibility, I wrote a 31 tweet long thread at x.com/travisnoakes/status/2001585342000898177, shared a LinkedIn post at linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7407406366052569089/, and wrote this public Facebook post at facebook.com/share/p/1BtsXaJtQC/.

… but no AltMetrics listing yet

On the Brandjacked article’s landing page, the altmetrics badge only shows a question mark at the date of this post's publication (see Figure 1 below).

No AltMetrics listing for Brandjacked article.png
Figure 1. Screenshot of No AltMetrics listing for Brandjacked article,12 Feb 2026. 


Nor are results for the Brandjacked article shown on app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?search_mode (see Figure 2).

No AltMetrics listing for Brandjacked article

Figure 2. Screenshot of No AltMetrics listing for Brandjacked article,
12 Feb 2026. 


As a research blogger, I like to share Altmetrics badges for my publications, but none is available for Branjacked via badge.dimensions.ai/details/doi/10.10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2?domain=https://journals.co.za. Nor for a PlumX badge, searching with Branjacked's DOI value at https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2.

No automatic ORCID profile article update

Each of Brandjacked’s four authors have an Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) address. This is a 16-digit persistent digital identifier (e.g., 0000-0001-9566-8983) that uniquely identifies research-contributors all over the world. Like the DOI value does for research outputs, ORCID resolves name ambiguity. It links all research publications, datasets, and grants to an individual, regardless if their name or institution changes. Authors can set their ORCID profile to be automatically updated with research outputs that are linked to them. As at this post’s publication date, the Brandjacked article had not automatically been linked to any of its authors’ ORCID profiles.

Google Scholar links to a 404 error

The academic search engine, Google Scholar, is popular due to offering the widest automatic global indexing of scholars' works. In its case, Google Scholar account holders can create manual entries for their articles, or select pre-existing records featuring their author name. In Brandjacked’s case, I created a manual record in late December, since no record for this paper was available for selection (Figure 3). Since then, Google Scholar has come to list two versions of the article. 

Two versions on Google Scholar
Figure 3.Screenshot of Two versions of Brandjacked on Google Scholar, 12 Feb 2026.

The top version, which can be Saved and Cited, produced a '404 not found' error when clicked through to Acta Criminologica (Figure 4).

DOI not resolved from Google Scholar
Figure 4.Screenshot of DOI not resolved from Google Scholar, 12 Feb 2026.

Thinking that this may have been caused by the manual record I created featuring the initial DOI, I chose to delete the article from my record. Then went into Google Scholar trash and selected ‘Delete Forever’. However, the article available for manual selection (Figure 5) still links to a '404 not found' result.

Figure 5. Screenshot of Google Scholar manual selection of Brandjacked, 12 Feb 2026.

Report a failed DOI link via doi.org

A manual entry created on ResearchGate (at  researchgate.net/publication/398814505_Brandjacked_for_social_media_advert_fraud_Microcelebrities'_experiences_of_digital_crime_in_South_Africa) lists the correct DOI (Figure 6), but it also showed a '404 not found' error when attempting to link to the digital publication.

ResearchGate DOI is correct.png
Figure 6.Screenshot of ResearchGate DOI being correct for Brandjacked, 12 Feb 2026.


At least this page presented an option to report the failed DOI. So, I submitted this error report to DOI: "The article 'Brandjacked for social media advert fraud' should be available at this DOI. Related working URLs are: https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2 & https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2. Thanks in advance for fixing this."

DOI error report for Brandjacked 12 Feb 2026
Figure 7. Screenshot of DOI error report for Brandjacked, 12 Feb 2026.

As a shortcut for checking-and-reporting DOI errors, authors should open www.doi.org, then scroll down to the 'Try resolving a DOI name' section. There they can enter a DOI value to check it, and report a DOI URL address that fails in throwing a '404 not found' error.  

DOI Prefix [10.10520] Not Found.png
Figure 8. Screenshot showing DOI Prefix 10.10520 Not Found error message, 12 Feb 2026.


Just a few downloads...

Acta Criminologica’s ‘Open Access’ policy initially provides restricted access via the South African Bibliographic and Information Network (SABINET)'s archives. These are available via university libraries’ annual SABINET subscription for SABINET African Electronic Publications (SA_ePublications). There is a 12-month open access embargo from the date of publication/loading on
the Criminological Society of Africa (CRIMSA)’s website. 

Perhaps being published before the Christmas holidays in an access-restricted versus open-journal format contributed to Brandjacked only being downloaded five times in the first two months. But even achieving that readership is not been helped by a ghost-listing amidst a heavy stream of academic publications. As Trend MD reports, nearly 8,000 research articles are published everyday. In this flood of articles, the visibility of our niche publication is not assisted through being un- or poorly indexed, whether in aggregators for academic (meta-)data or authorial content registries. Consequently, it is vital for scholars to work with the journal, their publisher, and co-authors to achieve work-arounds, and build awareness around remedying any root causes that undermine their visibility of their academic work.


Emailed the editor

Given that the landing page URL is throwing a '404 not found' error and the DOI is not resolving, it seemed likely that the error was a flaw on the publisher's end. In response, I wrote to the journal's editor  requesting that the CrossRef metadata be updated. I hoped that the journal’s production team could soon ensure that: (i) the landing page URL for the article is correctly mapped to its DOI. And that (ii) the metadata provided to CrossRef and other aggregators could be updated to reflect a functional DOI link. This issue impacted other articles in the Cybercrime special issue, so seemed crucial to fix for the visibility of all its authors’ articles. Subsequent investigation spotlighted that the failure for the DOI to resolve actually applied to all articles in the journal: prior to 2017, the 'Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology' journal was known as 'Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology'. Its first issue started in 1988, and entering its first ever article's DOI produces exactly the same error as shown in Figure 8.

Feedback from the publisher 

A product manager for content services at SABINET replied to the editor's query that the DOI link is not working as the journal is not using registered DOIs yet. The 10.10520 prefix is a "dummy" DOI that SABINET uses to ingest content. By contrast, the persistent link to resolve each article is at a fully-functioning https://hdl.handle.net address.

The product manager offered to reach out to the Google Scholar team to ask that they use the handle link rather than the DOI code, unless they use the complete URL. She also flagged that the DOI issue can only be addressed for future Acta Criminologica articles once their allocated actual DOIs are registered with Crossref. This issue relates to a broader problem around the visibility of African journals that Asubiaro and Onaolapo (2023) have spotlighted- their 'low representation in CrossRef, a free indexing infrastructure that could be harnessed for building an African‐centric research indexing database, is concerning'. Their paper flags how less than fifty percent of journals from Africa are in CrossRef.

Not being indexed there has an important knock-on effect, as it provides data for other bibliographic databases. These include Dimensions, The Lens and Scilit. In the Lens' case, it serves global scholarly records. These are compiled and harmonised from Crossref and PubMed, enhanced with OpenAlex and UnPaywall open access information, CORE full text and links to ORCID. Data from The Lens can be imported into ORCID records, allowing authors to synchronise their records.

A manual ORCID listing

In the absence of such synchronisation for Brandjacked, I could not select a DOI or handle.net address in ORCID for automatically linking to my record. Instead, I created a manual one. Its entry route provided an option to define both the DOI's 'identifier value' (10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2) and the full identifier URL's address (https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-crim_v38_n3_a2) (Figure 9). I asked my co-authors to add this manuscript to their ORCID records, which correctly resolves to the publisher's article landing page.

Applying the handle.net identified in manual ORCID listing.png
Figure 9. Screenshot of applying the handle.net identified in manual ORCID listing, 16 Feb 2026.

However, each author was unable to select this listing for automatic addition, despite entering the assigned DOI index number, the full handle.net address (Figure 10) or the journal's URL.

handle.net URL does not work for co-author selection
Figure 10. Screenshot showing handle.net URL does not work for co-author selection via ORCID, 16 Feb 2026.

Instead, I shared a screenshot of the details I used (Figure 11) which each author copied for adding the same details.

Screengrab of manual ORCID entry for co-authors to copy
Figure 11. Screengrab of manual ORCID entry for co-authors to copy, 16 Feb 2026.

By using the same DOI and handle.net address, we wanted to ensure that just one record was captured via ORCID for our paper (versus four separate records for all co-authors!).

A manual Academia.edu entry

Like ORCID, Academia.edu's manual field entries for an article support both the entry of the DOI value, and also related Links/URL (Figure 12). This contrasts to ResearchGate's support for just one DOI address.

Add handle.net entry to manual Academia.edu record.png
Figure 12. Screenshot of adding handle.net entry to manual Academia.edu record, 16 Feb 2026.

Cannot get (a) Kudos (addition)

Kudos is a networking platform designed to increase the visibility, reach, and impact of published research It supports scholars with explaining their work in plain language, and adding salient context. In theory, a DOI, article title or recent manual entry on ORCID should support Kudos with finding 'Brandjacked for social media advert fraud'. However, none of the three searches worked (Figure 13).

Screenshot of Kudos DOI text search ORCID search option
Figure 13. Screenshot of Kudos search options - DOI, text search & ORCID, 16 Feb 2026. 



Conclusion

After overcoming the challenges of review, revisions, and achieving a digital publication, academic authors may face a new challenge- following up that their publications are well-indexed. This should not be assumed, rather authors should check that the DOI identifier does link to their article publication page. And that their paper's social media impact and amplification is reflected correctly via that page's Altmetrics badge.

If there is a problem, it is most likely to be taking place in the earliest phase of the Research Data Lifecycle (RDLC)- this broad concept is used to describe the "cradle-to-grave" journey of research data:
In terms of sharing research outputs, it includes curation of metadata that is standardised, ensuring outputs are both disseminated, and findable via academic search engine optimisation (ASEO). And that the article's reach, amplification and media interest can be measured via Altmetric statistics.

In the case of our article, the DOI indexing flaw lay in phase 1 of output sharing. The journal does not supply metadata for its articles to the academic metadata aggregator, CrossRef. Instead, the journal's publisher setup a temporary DOI as a workaround. While this may work as a stopgap measure, it poses a major obstacle for scholars keen to share the work in phase 2 with centralised registries, since each co-author must manually create an ORCID record. In phase 3, academic aggregators (such as Google Scholar) may direct users to a 'page not found' response on doi.org or from the journal's website. In phase 4, researchers may face a similar problem on academic social networks (such as ResearchGate) which require an accurate DOI link. For phase 5, the ability of Altmetrics services to track an article's amplification, reach and media interest is scuppered. By contrast, the article's citations are still tracked.

In the near future, CRIMSA's academic journal plans to submit metadata to CrossRef for new articles. I have encouraged Acta Criminologica's editor to organise that its full archive becomes retroactively registered with CrossRef, too. The estimated cost of $0.15 per article’s uploaded meta-data should hopefully not prove to be a showstopper, whilst supplying the correct metadata holds many benefits for both the journal and its authors.

However, until this happens, authors keen to share their Acta Criminologica publications via their scholarly profiles and social networks must do a lot of extra work. My colleagues and I followed work-arounds to address the placeholder DOI index information in phases 2 to 4. These included listing their article's and/or handle.net address in manual entries on ORCID's centralised registry, academic aggregators (e.g. Google Scholar or Bielefeld Academic Search Engine), and shifted to using handle.net address in academic social network posts. These work-arounds required extra labour from the four authors, three of whom are independent and not formally affiliated to any university. As the journal publisher already covers the journal's CrossRef fees, such extra work can readily be avoided. Hopefully, the journal will put aside the resources necessary for generating the required XML metadata, and for depositing its full archive, plus new publications via CrossRef's record manager.

Related suggestions

Journal publishers and editorial teams can help their authors upfront by being transparent about what the opportunities and limitations of their journal's current indexing are in relation to sharing publications online. Plus, provide advice for how these strengths and weaknesses support, or limit, the visibility and potential amplification opportunities for authors in sharing new works online. For example, in Acta Criminologica : African Journal of Criminology & Victimology's case, it has several strengths, such as indexing works in the reputable databases of SABINET and African Journals OnLine (AJOL). However, its metadata is not currently submitted to CrossRef, nor does the journal appear in Scopus title lists. As described above for CrossRef, this means that authors must make several work-arounds to ensure their articles are visible in centralised registries and academic aggregators. Its authors must also accept that they cannot source altmetrics for their work, and will struggle to use services solely reliant on DOI link entries.

Publishers and editorial teams who provide transparency about their journals' academic indexing issues, could also make public their plans to resolve them. This would be performing a helpful service, not just for their authors, but also for potential case-study research in an area for which there seems to be a dearth of detailed local descriptions to learn from. As research shows that less than half of African journals are indexed in CrossRef, there must be a systemic issue preventing this. Learning in detail from African journal publishers and editors on why this is the case, and how it might be addressed on the ground, would seem a worthwhile scholarly gap to close.

N.B. Kindly add a comment below if you have any related suggestions or other feedback...

Thursday, 4 September 2025

How to label DJ mixes in Apple Music and organise them into a playlist - an Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival exemplar

Written for Apple Music users interested in better curating their favourite DJ mixes under one playlist.

Bedroom DJ TraVice here- poorly tagged music files are a pet peeve of mine. I like 'em well-tagged for easy selection. Hopefully this post suggests the value of doing this with the example of a proper playlists creation from Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival's downloads: This Facebook community is dedicated to the 'past, present and future of the atmospheric genre’s sound', as championed by its pioneers LTJ Bukem & DJ Fabio from the early 1990’s. Building on facebook.com/share/g/16JMzzdxzA, this group’s leadership launched a mix series to showcase its community’s DJ mixing talent in 2023. At the time of writing, 20 mixes are available to stream off Soundcloud at soundcloud.com/atmosphericdrumandbass, with 13 offered for free downloaded (see example in Figure 1).


Figure 1. Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival soundcloud download selection.png
 Figure 1. Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival soundcloud download selection


In Apple Music a new playlist is simply created by pressing Apple and N at the same time. After downloading the mixes, they can be placed in a playlist by dragging them there from Songs, or simply right clicking on the mix and selecting <Add to playlist>, then choosing ’ Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival’.
Figure 2. Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival mixes playlist in Apple Music
Figure 2. Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival mixes playlist in Apple Music

While playlists can be ordered any number of ways for viewing via <Viewing Options>, I like to use the filenames to clearly indicate the order of release (01 - 13). They must also clearly indicate the series they are from through a consistently applied title (yes, the exact same one for readily displaying the entire series in searches!).

With all 13 mixes in the playlist (see Figure 2), it’s now time to improve the labelling of each mix. To improve on Figure 3’s example below, I must enter labels into DJ Illesta’s mix’s fields.


Figure 3. DJ Illesta Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival 1 Apple Music info start.png
Figure 3. DJ Illesta Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival 1 Apple Music info's starting point

There's much that can be added- artist, album, album artist composer, year, rating, bpm and comments. The extent of which depends on your interest(s). Likewise some labelling choices will be fairly subjective. Take genre for example, I use “drum and bass”, because most of this genre in my library defaults to the softer atmospheric style. However, aficionados of the hard jungle style may choose that to be their default. They may also prefer using DnB or drum & bass, while I use “drum and bass - hardstep” for grittier tracks/mixes.

It’s also important to appreciate that Apple Music’s labelling/tagging system is not designed around labelling DJ mix-sets. This is a meta-problem, since DJs are musicians whose medium is often a blend of other musical artists’ production and sounds. Apple Music’s labelling is understandably geared to the latter’s conventional works. It would struggle to cope with the "meta-mentalness" of a DJ doing a continuous remix of another DJs productions and remixes- for example, try labelling the producer DJ Lenzman’s 2020 mix of DJ Redeyes' tracks!

With an academic hat on, this challenge suggests the multimodal difficulty of labelling DJ’s music work via Apple Music (and iTunes)'s textual labels. Its indexing system caters to original musicians/composers, versus producers, remixers and DJs. For example, there is no dedicated option for adding a DJs setlist. Instead one can appropriate <Comments> (for very short set-lists) or <Custom Lyrics> (for more typical ones, eg. over thirty minutes). Since Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival provides setlists for each mix, these are easy enough to copy-and-paste as “Custom Lyrics”- see Figure 4.


Figure 4.  DJ Illesta Atmospheric Drum & Bass Apple Music track listing in lyrics
Figure 4.  DJ Illesta Atmospheric Drum & Bass Apple Music track listing in lyrics

Since there is no <DJ> identifier, I often add DJ before an artist's name. This makes it easier to select from DJs under the Artists view, depending on one’s mood… Also for a mix of one artist’s work by another DJ (such as Sasha’s “Voyage of Ima” remix of producer BT’s album), it seems apt to use “Composer” to reflect the DJ’s role. {That said, for popular/mainstream DJs, I do lose the DJ to ensure Apple Music manages them by their artist name}.

Figure 5 shows what the completed details page looks like- much better than Figure 2's starting point!


Figure 5. DJ Illesta Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival 1 Apple Music info complete + cover.png
Figure 5. DJ Illesta Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival 1 Apple Music info complete + cover

Working to update the labels of many files is a schlep, so speed things up by creating a cut-and-paste file. This also helps ensure consistency across labelling.

My txt file simply contained the:
Album title format
0# Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival Mix Series - DJ
Album
0# Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival Mix Series
Grouping
Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival Mix Series
Date
2022 2023 2024 2025
Track
1
Disc number
13

In each song, I set the track number to be 1 of 1 to reflect an entire DJ's mix. In contrast, the disc number follows the Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival mix series' order, e.g. disc number of 1 to start my curation of 13. This seems apt in being similar to the sequential serialisation of podcasts.

N.B. As you work to add information to each "song" please note that these updates do not automatically reflect in your Apple Music playlist’s display. So, click to another list, then return to yours for updating its view.  

And here’s Figure 6's end result- an Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival playlist with all mixes extensively labelled, plus all album covers added.

Figure 6. Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival Mix Series playlist with full information
Figure 6. Atmospheric Drum & Bass Revival Mix Series playlist with full information

Nice one, selecta DJ TraVice! Your drum-n-bass playlist is now optimally prepared to rinse out...

Fellow trainspotters welcome to rant-&-RAVE in the moderated comments below 👇

Saturday, 7 January 2012

Developing a qualitative research coding index for first-year, university students' ICT practices

This post was written for researchers interested in the background to the fourth phase of the ICT Access and Use qualitative research project's coding process.

The fourth phase of the IDRC-funded Centre for Educational Technology's ICT Access and Use project uses digital ethnographies to understand how twenty six, first-year students at four South African Universities used Information Communication Technology (ICT) for study and leisure purposes last year.

This research phase saw four researchers at the universities of Cape Town, Rhodes, Orange Free State and Fort Hare prepare eight sets data:
  1. A series of interview videos between the university's researcher and his or her subjects;
  2. Videos of focus groups;
  3. Videos of ICT use at home;
  4. Videos of formal and informal mobile phone video use; 
  5. Videos of social media and internet use;
  6. Videos University software use (such as learning management systems)
  7. Screengrabs of Facebook use;
  8. and documents of the researchers' reflections.
NVivo 9 software has been used to import these media files for coding and qualitative analysis. However, before either of these could start, Cheryl BrownLaura CzerniewiczKelsey Wiens and I worked at preparing  classifications and a coding index that could be queried for most of the project's research questions, whilst being robust enough to answer any new questions that might arise.

Preparing this coding followed these eight steps:

1 Kelsey and I reviewed the project's documents and transcribed key points from student interviews;

2 I illustrated these points on two large cyan posters with yellow stickies (these were very useful for re-grouping concepts on the board);


ICT Access and Use phase four coding poster (9 January, 2012).
3 These points were reviewed internally and presented externally to the universities' researchers and their most engaged students;

4 Kelsey and I separated the points that were to be used for classification or coding;

5 Kelsey developed a numeric index in creating the Google document: "Past ICT Use 1". I followed this index in developing "Current ICT Use 2" and "Future ICT Use 3";

6 We reviewed these documents internally and revised them;

7 I then added these codes to the NVivo research project file and am now using them to code student interviews;

8 As I apply these codes using node shortcuts, I am also updating the "ICT Use" documents with new codes to describe ideas that may prove useful for querying later.

Below is an example of how these codings have been added to a video in the research project file:
Screengrab of coding for Ace's first interview in NVivo 9. (9 January, 2012).
I trust this post enables you understand the coding process we followed?

If you have a question, suggestion or other feedback, please type it as a comment below.

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